Steak ‘n Shake permanently closed 57 units during the first quarter of 2020.

Specialty’s Café & Bakery closed its more than 50 units in May.

Denny’s franchisee Feast American Diners closed 15 restaurants in New York in May.

In June, Starbucks said it was planning to close 400 U.S. stores over the following months to make room for pickup and mobile-focused stores.

Luby’s said in July it had closed three Fuddruckers and 13 cafeterias so far in its fiscal year. In September, the company’s last Cheeseburger in Paradise unit closed as well.

All 98 units of Le Pain Quotidien closed during the pandemic, but the brand’s new parent Aurify planned to reopen 35 locations.

Dunkin’ in July said that it would close up to 1,150 underperforming restaurants in 2020.

Pret A Manger said in July it would permanently close 17 restaurants in Boston and Chicago, as well as 30 units in the U.K.

Potbelly said in August it had closed 16 units, but halved its number of potential shutterings. 

Ruby Tuesday said it would permanently close 185 stores when it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in October.

RockSugar parent Cheesecake Factory said in October that all units would close by the end of the year.

Starbucks said in October it would close another 100 U.S. stores.

Sizzler USA permanently closed six restaurants between the onset of the pandemic and September.

Buffets parent VitaNova closed four restaurants, including units of HomeTown Buffet, Ryan’s and Old Country Buffet in October.

Dine Brands Global said in October that up to 100 underperforming IHOP units could lose in the following six months, with 15 Applebee’s restaurants closing permanently in the fourth quarter of 2020.

Matchbox Food Group LLC closed three units as it emerged from bankruptcy in November.

Red Robin permanently closed five restaurants in its third quarter.